By: Silas Mwaudasheni Nande, Namibia
Introduction
Sam Shafiishuna Nujoma, Namibia’s Founding President, Father of the Namibian Revolution and Father of the Namibian nation, played a pivotal role in the country’s liberation struggle and post-independence development. His leadership, vision, and resilience shaped Namibia’s trajectory from a colonized territory to a sovereign nation. This article explores his timeline and the milestones that define his success.
Early Life and Political Awakening
Born on May 12, 1929, in Etunda, Omusati Region, Nujoma grew up witnessing the harsh realities of colonial rule. His early exposure to the injustices faced by Namibians fueled his political consciousness. He pursued education while working various jobs, which exposed him to the challenges of racial discrimination and economic marginalization.
Formation of SWAPO and the Liberation Struggle
In the 1950s, Nujoma became actively involved in anti-colonial movements. In 1959, he helped establish the Ovamboland People’s Organization (OPO), which later evolved into the South West Africa People’s Organization (SWAPO) in 1960. SWAPO became the leading force in Namibia’s struggle for independence.
As Nujoma emerged as the foremost leader of Namibia’s liberation movement, the South African government viewed him as a major threat to its colonial rule. Consequently, he was labeled as one of South Africa’s top-wanted terrorists, with the apartheid regime determined to eliminate or neutralize him. His leadership of SWAPO, coordination of armed resistance, and diplomatic efforts to expose South Africa’s oppression on global platforms made him a prime target. Despite numerous assassination attempts and relentless propaganda campaigns against him, Nujoma remained steadfast in his mission for Namibian independence.
Facing persecution, Nujoma went into exile in 1960 to garner international support for Namibia’s cause. His diplomatic efforts secured backing from the United Nations, the Organization of African Unity (OAU), and various socialist and non-aligned nations. In 1966, SWAPO’s military wing, the People’s Liberation Army of Namibia (PLAN), launched an armed struggle against South African occupation.
During this period, South Africa was under the rule of the National Party, which governed from 1948 to 1994 and enforced the apartheid system. South West Africa (now Namibia) was administered as a de facto province of South Africa, with policies of racial segregation and economic exploitation similar to those imposed within South Africa itself. The National Party resisted international pressure to relinquish control over Namibia, leading to prolonged conflict and global condemnation.
South Africa received backing from several Western nations, particularly the United States and the United Kingdom, which saw it as a strategic ally during the Cold War. These countries provided economic investments, military support, and diplomatic cover in international forums. Additionally, South Africa had strong trade relations with European nations, which indirectly sustained its colonial grip on Namibia despite increasing global opposition.
In contrast, Nujoma and SWAPO sought support from socialist and non-aligned nations that were sympathetic to liberation movements. The Soviet Union, China, and Cuba played crucial roles in providing military training, weapons, and logistical support to SWAPO’s armed wing, PLAN. These alliances enabled Namibian fighters to resist South African forces effectively. Additionally, African nations such as Angola, Zambia, and Tanzania provided refuge to exiled Namibians and served as bases for military operations.
Beyond military support, several nations contributed to the education and economic well-being of exiled Namibians. Countries like the former East Germany, Sweden, and Finland provided scholarships for Namibian students to receive education and vocational training. The United Nations and various humanitarian organizations also played a role in sustaining refugee communities by offering food, healthcare, and basic amenities. These collective efforts strengthened SWAPO’s cause and prepared Namibians for self-governance post-independence.
Independence and Presidency
After decades of relentless struggle, Namibia achieved independence on March 21, 1990. Nujoma was inaugurated as the first President of Namibia, marking the dawn of a new era. His leadership focused on nation-building, reconciliation, and economic development.
Nujoma played a crucial role in nation-building by promoting a unified national identity. Through the policy of national reconciliation, he sought to mend the divisions created by apartheid and colonial rule, ensuring that all Namibians, regardless of ethnicity or political affiliation, could contribute to the new nation. His government established democratic institutions and a constitutional framework that emphasized human rights, the rule of law, and political stability. These foundations helped to solidify Namibia’s democracy and maintain peace in the years following independence.
In terms of development, Nujoma spearheaded numerous initiatives aimed at transforming Namibia’s economy and improving the livelihoods of its citizens. He prioritized infrastructure development, including roads, telecommunications, and electricity expansion, to enhance connectivity and economic growth. His administration also emphasized agricultural development, land reform, and natural resource management to ensure sustainable economic progress. The mining sector, particularly diamonds and uranium, was strategically developed to generate revenue for the country and reduce reliance on foreign aid.
Furthermore, Nujoma was instrumental in advancing education and healthcare systems in Namibia. Recognizing the importance of an educated workforce, his government expanded access to primary and secondary education while investing in higher education institutions. The establishment of the University of Namibia (UNAM) and the Polytechnic of Namibia, now Namibia University of Science and Technology (NUST) were landmark achievements in this regard. In healthcare, his policies aimed to improve access to medical services, reduce infant mortality rates, and combat diseases such as HIV/AIDS and malaria. These efforts laid the groundwork for a more equitable and prosperous Namibian society.
During his presidency (1990-2005), Nujoma prioritized:
- National Reconciliation: He promoted unity among different ethnic groups and former adversaries to foster national cohesion.
- Infrastructure Development: His administration invested in roads, healthcare, and education to improve living standards. Namibia is ranked first in Africa, up to today, when it comes to good roads.
- Economic Growth: He implemented policies to reduce economic disparities and promote industrialization. His Vision 2030 is still a road-map where Namibia is aiming to be an industrialized nation by the year 2030.
- Land Reform: Recognizing historical injustices, he initiated land redistribution programs to empower marginalized communities.
- Education and Health: Under his leadership, access to education and healthcare improved significantly, laying the foundation for a skilled workforce and healthier population.
- Youth empowerment: Recognizing the importance of young people in nation-building, Nujoma introduced policies and programs aimed at equipping youth with education, vocational skills, and leadership training. His administration promoted initiatives that supported entrepreneurship, job creation, and active youth participation in governance and economic activities. These efforts helped create opportunities for young Namibians to contribute meaningfully to the country’s development.
- Democracy and Rule of Law: Nujoma worked to establish strong democratic institutions, ensuring free and fair elections and adherence to constitutional governance. His administration laid the foundation for a stable political environment that upheld human rights and civil liberties.
- Rural Empowerment: Recognizing the economic disparities between urban and rural populations, Nujoma prioritized rural development programs. His government implemented policies that improved agricultural productivity, access to basic services, and infrastructure in rural areas, empowering communities to participate in national development.
International and Global Recognition
Throughout his lifetime, Nujoma received numerous awards and honors in recognition of his contributions to Namibia’s independence and broader Pan-Africanism. Some of the key recognitions include but not limited to:
- The Lenin Peace Prize (1976): Awarded by the Soviet Union for his efforts in leading Namibia’s struggle for independence.
- The José Martí Award (2005): Cuba’s highest honor, recognizing his leadership in Africa’s liberation movements.
- The Order of Agostinho Neto: Bestowed by Angola for his role in regional liberation and strengthening African solidarity.
- The Order of the Companions of O. R. Tambo (2005): A South African honor acknowledging his contribution to Africa’s freedom.
- Honorary Doctorates: Awarded by various universities worldwide, including the University of Havana and the University of Namibia, for his leadership and vision.
- The United Nations Peace Medal: Acknowledging his role in advocating for Namibia’s independence on the global stage.
Impacts After Retirement
After his retirement from the presidency in 2005, Nujoma continued to play an important role in the development of Namibia. He focused on initiatives that would promote social and economic development, such as advocating for rural development, poverty alleviation, and infrastructure expansion. His post-retirement efforts included engaging in diplomacy, representing Namibia on international platforms, and furthering the country’s economic integration with the Southern African Development Community (SADC). Nujoma’s vision for a prosperous Namibia also aligned with national priorities, such as educational advancement and industrialization, contributing to the broader development agenda that included sustainable growth and empowerment for future generations.
In his retirement years, Nujoma also remained a symbol of moral authority and historical continuity for Namibia. He contributed to policy debates and offered counsel to subsequent leaders, ensuring that Namibia’s progress did not lose sight of the values of independence and the struggles that led to it. His influence extended to shaping the educational and cultural narratives of the country, fostering a sense of national identity rooted in pride and unity. His legacy continues to inspire the nation’s ongoing efforts to reduce poverty and achieve inclusive development, underscoring his role not only as a liberation hero but also as a long-term advocate for Namibia’s stability and prosperity.
The March Equation: Namibia’s Losses in History
The passing of Sam Nujoma on March 8, 2025, at around 23:45 struck at the core of the Namibian nation, leaving the people mourning yet another historical giant. His death came as a painful reminder of the profound losses Namibia has endured in the month of March. Just a year prior, on March 4, 2024, Namibians were devastated by the loss of President Hage G. Geingob, a leader who had carried forward Nujoma’s legacy. This back-to-back loss deepened national sorrow, reinforcing the sentiment that March had become synonymous with farewells to great leaders.
The pain of Nujoma’s passing was further amplified when Namibians reflected on another major loss; the death of Dr. Abraham Iyambo on March 2, 2013. Dr. Iyambo, a revered cabinet minister of education, arts, and culture, was a driving force behind Namibia’s educational advancements. His untimely passing left a lasting impact, especially on the education sector. The fact that all three great leaders; Nujoma, Geingob, and Iyambo; passed away in March created an eerie pattern, reinforcing a perception among Namibians that the month carried an unavoidable shadow of grief.
As the nation mourned Nujoma’s passing, Namibians found solace in his legacy, just as they had with Geingob and Iyambo. While March has become a painful month in the nation’s collective memory, it has also solidified the indelible mark left by these leaders. The people of Namibia, though saddened, remain steadfast in honoring their contributions and ensuring that their visions for a stronger, unified Namibia continue to thrive.
Nujoma’s Legacy
Namibians mourn Nujoma deeply, remembering him as the fearless leader who dedicated his life to the country’s liberation. His role in securing independence against one of the most powerful apartheid regimes in the world is a source of national pride. His unwavering commitment to justice, equality, and national unity transformed Namibia into a free and sovereign state, and generations continue to honor his sacrifices.
Beyond politics, Nujoma’s contributions to education, economic growth, and infrastructure development remain significant. His emphasis on self-reliance, youth empowerment, and pan-African solidarity shaped Namibia’s development path. His ability to lead the country with wisdom and resilience during its formative years has left an enduring legacy that Namibians will cherish for generations to come.
Nujoma’s contributions to Namibia’s liberation and development earned him global recognition. His resilience, diplomatic acumen, and vision for an independent Namibia cemented his place as one of Africa’s great leaders.
Memorial and Funeral Services
A national memorial service for Dr. Sam Nujoma is set to begin on 9 March 2025, with national flags and other flags throughout Namibia being flown at half-mast to honor his memory. This period of mourning will be marked by a somber reflection on his monumental contributions to Namibia’s independence and development. During this time, offices, ministries, agencies, and regional councils will be visiting the Nujoma family’s homestead to express their condolences and pay their respects. This heartfelt gesture is a tribute to a man whose life work has shaped the nation, and these visits reflect the deep sense of loss felt by the Namibian people. The mourning period will provide an opportunity for both the nation and the international community to come together in reverence and reflection.
Internationally, several countries have joined in mourning the passing of Dr. Nujoma, including South Africa, Angola, Zimbabwe, and Cuba, which share historical ties to his struggle for liberation. These countries have declared their own periods of mourning, underscoring the broader impact of Nujoma’s legacy on the African continent and beyond. Many world leaders, including those from the United States, Russia, and China, have also sent messages of condolences, acknowledging his pivotal role in the fight against colonialism and apartheid. Additionally, international bodies such as the United Nations and the African Union have expressed their sadness and admiration for Dr. Nujoma’s contributions to peace, unity, and self-determination. His passing has resonated globally, as leaders and organizations pay tribute to a figure who dedicated his life to the liberation and empowerment of his people.
President Nangolo Mbumba’s declaration of 1 March as a public holiday to honor the burial of Dr. Sam Nujoma, as announced in Government Gazette Number 8577 on 14 February, underscores the immense respect and gratitude the Namibian nation holds for its founding father. The decision to lay Dr. Nujoma to rest at the National Heroes’ Acre in Windhoek is symbolic of the deep reverence Namibians have for his leadership, sacrifice, and pivotal role in the country’s liberation. His final resting place serves as a reminder of the struggles that led to the nation’s independence and is a site where Namibians and visitors can reflect on the enduring legacy of unity, peace, and freedom. For Namibians, it is a moment of collective remembrance and honor, reaffirming their shared values and commitment to the nation’s future. On the global stage, Dr. Nujoma’s burial represents the culmination of a historical journey of African liberation movements, embodying the triumph of dignity and sovereignty over colonialism and apartheid, serving as an inspiration to other nations that continue to strive for justice and self-determination.
Conclusion
Sam Nujoma’s legacy is one of determination, sacrifice, and nation-building. From leading the liberation struggle to fostering economic and social development, his impact on Namibia’s history is profound. His leadership principles continue to inspire future generations in Namibia and beyond.
