Fact-checking is the process of verifying the factual accuracy of questionable reports and statements. Fact-checking can be done before (ante hoc) or after (post hoc) the text or content is published or otherwise distributed. Internal fact-checking is an in-house check by a publisher to prevent the publication of incorrect content; when the text is analyzed by a third party, the process is called external fact-checking. Research shows that fact-checking can indeed correct perceptions among citizens, and it also deters politicians from spreading false or misleading claims. But the fixes can crumble over time or be overrun with elite advice that makes less-than-certain claims. Political fact-checking is sometimes criticized as opinion journalism. A review of fact-checkers in US politics shows mixed results as to whether fact-checking is an effective method of reducing misconceptions or whether the method is reliable. The rise of sensationalist newspapers in the 1850s and later created a need for more factual media. Colin Dickey describes the next evolution of fact-checking. Key elements include the founding of the Associated Press in the 1850s (short factual material was needed), Ralph Pulitzer’s New York World (his Bureau of Accuracy and Fair Play, 1912), Henry Luce and Time magazine (original working title: Facts), and The New Yorker’s famous became a fact-checking department. Mainstream media soon came under serious economic threat from online startups. In addition, even now, the rapid spread of misinformation and conspiracy theories via social media is slowly making its way into the mainstream media. One solution is to assign more fact-checkers to the media. For example. In this regard, independent fact-checking organizations such as The Washington Post and Politifact have also become famous.
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