Ergashev Bekzodbek Jaloliddin
By: Ergashev Bekzodbek Jaloliddin
Annotation: Information about anesthesia, general anesthesia and inhalation anesthesia and dentistry is presented in this state.
Abstract: This article provides information on anesthesia, general anesthesia and inhalation anesthesia in dentistry.
Key words: Surgical intervention, stress, drug treatment, anesthesia, anesthesia.
Anesthesiological provision is the use of measures aimed at protecting against the stress of surgical procedure (operation) and its consequences and managing the functioning of organs. Surgical stress is a critical condition caused by psychoemotional agitation, pain, impulses and blood loss before surgery. These factors are the main cause of deep neurohumoral shifts and dangerous metabolic changes, injury of vital organs and systems. Anesthesiological provision is divided into preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative stages.
The following two important issues should be resolved at the pre-operational stage of anesthesiological provision:
- Restoring lost functions of organs.
- Administering drugs that ensure a smooth course of anesthesia, i.e. conducting premedication.
It takes several minutes (when urgent surgical intervention is necessary), days and months (in case of planned surgical intervention) to restore the lost functions of the organs. The time allocated for preparation for surgical intervention depends on the severity of the surgical disease and the severity of the surgical pathology, the characteristics of the measured practice.
Anesthesiological measures during the stage of surgical intervention include: – reduction of the body’s response to the surgical shock; – elimination of functional shifts caused by the consequences of surgical shock; -use of special methods that facilitate surgical practice.
The anesthesiological measures of the post-operation stage are as follows: – elimination of residual manifestations of functional shifts caused during surgery; – reduction of reactions to stress factors in the post-practice period; – to control the functions of the body in the new conditions caused by surgery and fight against complications. Modern anesthesia consists of several components. The general components of anesthesia are aimed at reducing the response to surgical intervention and eliminating functional shifts.
Preparation of patients for anesthesia and surgery. The following issues should be resolved in the period before anesthesia and practice: – assessment of the general condition of the patient; – determination of the level of anesthesia and operational risks; – preparing the patient for anesthesia and surgical intervention: – prescribing premedication. Determining the general condition of the patient. The anesthesiologist must see the patient at least 7-10 days before the planned anesthesia and operation, and in urgent cases, before the intervention. The patient’s anamnesis is investigated according to the adopted scheme. Changes found in the central nervous system – psychoemotional instability, forgiven brain injury, stroke, seizure disorder, alcoholism and similar pathologies give a serious guide to patient preparation, prescribing premedication and choosing anesthesiological tactics. Determining the allergological and pharmacological anamnesis creates conditions for obtaining complications arising from the recurrence of allergic conditions, hypersensitivity to medications. A number of congenital diseases – porphyria, microglossia, heart defects, lung polycystosis, etc. require the use of tactical methods specific to each stage of anesthesia. During the objective examination, the structure of the mouth, nose and throat of the patient, the presence of peripheral veins, anatomical features of the face and neck, and the structure of the chest should be given great importance. Laboratory and functional examination methods provide extensive information in assessing the patient’s general condition. Minimum laboratory tests before performing urgent surgical interventions include general analysis of blood and urine, blood urea, glucose, potassium and sodium concentrations, determination of blood group and rhesus affiliation. X-ray examination of chest organs and electrocardiography are mandatory before anesthesia. Before planned surgical interventions, laboratory and functional tests are carried out on a large scale, and their appearance depends on the essence of the pathological condition. In addition to simple vision, palpation, percussion and auscultation, functional tests (spirographic indicators) are used to evaluate the activity of the respiratory system. as well as the amount of blood and alveolar gases is determined. In order to evaluate the functioning of the circulatory system, it is necessary to check the volume of circulating blood and its components along with simple clinical examinations (anamnesis, percussion, auscultation, ECG, radiography, etc.) along with rheography, central and peripheral hemodynamic parameters. pathological condition requires the use of specific anesthesiological tactics. Patients with endocrine pathology are at risk of severe conditions such as hyper or hypoglycemia, adrenocortical insufficiency, hyper or hypothyroidism. To prevent these complications, the patient is examined by an endocrinologist and prepared for future anesthesia and surgery. Many pathological conditions, especially acute surgical diseases, cause severe homeostatic changes. Central venous pressure, rheography, hemoglobin, hematocrit to determine the mentioned changes. it is necessary to carry out tests such as blood volume and its constituent volumes, the amount and osmolarity of blood and urine electrolytes, acid-base parameters and their gas composition. Disease, anesthesiological and surgical factors have a serious effect on liver and kidney functions. . Bilirubin, bromsulfalein, vafoverdin, aldolase, transaminase, prothrombin, protein fraction and similar tests provide information about the functional state of the liver. Kidney function is evaluated based on general analysis of urine, concentration of urea and creatinine in urine and blood, Reberg’s test, radioisotope renography, and ultrasound examinations. Surgical disease and accompanying pathology, anesthesia, practice and their consequences together pose different levels of danger to the patient’s life. screams.
The following factors are used to determine the level of anesthesia and risk of the procedure:
1) general condition of the patient;
2) planning or urgency of future practice;
3) age of the patient;
4) scope of practice and time spent on execution;
5) the place of the body where the practice is conducted and its vital importance;
6) qualification of surgeon and anesthesiologist.
There are many factors that endanger the patient’s life during anesthesia and practice. These include cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases, pathology of the endocrine and nervous system, etc.
Before anesthesia and operation, the patient should undergo general and medical preparation. The basis of the general preparation is cleaning of the stomach and intestinal tract. The patient must not take food from the evening before the scheduled operation. An enema is made, the intestines are washed, and then the patient needs to take a hygienic bath. The skin of the surgical intervention area is cleaned of hair. Before the start of anesthesia, the patient’s stomach was emptied.
LOCAL ANESTHETICS Novocaine (procaine, paracaine, chemocaine, etocaine). Colorless, odorless, tasteless crystalline substance, soluble in water and alcohol. Widely used for infiltration anesthesia, 0.25-0.5 percent solutions are used for this purpose. A 5-10 percent solution is used for mucosal anesthesia, and a 1-2 percent solution is used for regional anesthesia. For subarachnoid anesthesia, 2-3 ml of a 5% solution of novocaine, and for epidural anesthesia, 20-25 ml of a 2-3% solution are injected.
Trimecaine (mesocaine). White or yellowish powder, soluble in water and alcohol. The anesthetic effect of trimecaine is three times higher than that of novocaine, and its toxicity is 1.6 times higher. Anesthetic index – 1.6. 0.5-1 percent solutions are used for infiltration anesthesia. 2-3 percent solutions of trimecaine are used for anesthesia of mucous membranes. Regional anesthesia is carried out using 1-2 percent solutions of trimecaine. For epidural anesthesia, 20-30 ml of a 2 percent solution is injected. Single dose – 10-12 mg/kg. The anesthetic effect lasts 90 minutes. Lidocaine (xycain, xylocaine). A white, colored, sometimes yellow-tinged, very tasty powder. Very soluble in water and alcohol.
I, the son of Ergashev Bekzodbek Jaloliddin, was born on January 1, 2004 in Uchkurgan district of Namangan region. I spent 8 years of school at the Specialized Russian Gymnasium. But since I live in the Republic of Uzbekistan, knowing that I must learn my native language, I moved my school to an Uzbek school. I spent 11 years of school in 3 schools. In 2022, with 137.2 points in the DTM test, I was accepted to study at Namangan State University at the Faculty of Biology on the basis of a State Grant, but because I was so interested in medicine, my highest goal was the only one. By the Rector’s decision, 2022 was accepted for study without examination. In 2022, I won an honorable 2nd place among more than 5,000 students of more than 10 medical universities of Uzbekistan, more than 40 foreign universities, in the field of Medical Biology and General Genetics at the “Samarkand 2020 III International Medical University Olympiad” organized by the Samarkand State Medical Institute in 2022. In 2023, I took a proud 3
REFERENCES:
- S.H. Yusupov. “Dental surgery dentistry and maxillofacial traumatology” – Tashkent: “ILM ZIYO”, 2005.
- P.A. Leus . “Zabolevaniya zubov i polosti rta” – Minsk: “Visheynaya school”, 1998.
- E.B. Barovsky. “Terapevticheskaya stomatologiya” – Moscow: “Meditsina”, 2002.
4. T.G. Robistovoy . “Khirurgicheskaya stomatologiya” – Moscow: “Meditsina” 2002
Similar Posts by The Mt Kenya Times:
- Mt Kenya Times ePAPER August 28, 2026
- Kenya is losing fifteen mothers a day — and the numbers are getting worse
- Consolata International University opens new academic year with call to humanise artificial intelligence
- Written in gold, wielded in iron: Katiba@16 and the realities of power
- Mang’eni challenges universities to put entrepreneurship at the heart of learning
About the Author
