Muslihiddinova Sevinch Erkin
By: Muslihiddinova Sevinch Erkin
Literature ( Arabic – the plural of the word adab) — A collection of works summarizing achievements in a field of science and practice (technical literature, agricultural literature, political literature, etc.).
A type of art (also called fiction); reflects reality through words and images.
Literature was originally oral, and after the appearance of writing, it became written. Literature has the ability to express human feelings widely and deeply through words, that is why it is considered the most popular form of art.
There are 3 main types of fiction – epic, lyric, drama. The epic perceives the reality itself, and the lyric describes the impressions of the person from the reality. The East has long been a land of poetic feelings. For this reason, Eastern literature, especially lyrics, is widely developed.
Drama expresses life in action without the author’s speech. There are also mixed types in the literature. Mas, lyric and epos features combine to form a lyric-epic type. Lyro-epic types include poems, ballads, epics, parables, etc. Epics are usually divided into 3: small epic form (anecdotal, essay, fairy tale, story), medium epic form (short story) and large epic form (novel).
According to the content and form, lyrics are divided into ghazal, muhammas, march, rubai, qasida, sonnet, song, etc. There are 3 types of dramatic literature: drama, comedy and tragedy. Literature, like other forms of art, is an ideological phenomenon. According to the principle of reflecting reality in literature, the creative method of the writer appears. It is called realistic literature if typical events in reality are summarized and truthfully reflected. If the writer expresses not only reality, but also his dreams and hopes about it, it becomes romantic literature.
The artistic criterion of literature requires that it be perfect from an ideological and artistic point of view. This situation is caused by the topicality of the subject of the work, the correctness of the expressed idea, the depth of the truth of the image, and the perfection of the components of the artistic form.
Each literature is national, accordingly, the characteristics of the historical life and mentality of each nation constitute the national content of literature and create a unique national form. The experience and tradition accumulated by literature over a long period of time are also important in the emergence of a national form.
A new period in the life of the people raises literature to a new, higher level, renews and enriches its content and form. Updated literature, in turn, serves as a powerful weapon in strengthening the new society. In modern Uzbek literature, the image object of literature is generally social reality, and the main image object is a person.
In literature, the social essence of a person is expressed in a generalized way. Therefore, the purpose of literature is to fully express the essence of a certain socio-political force and at the same time to create a sharply individualized artistic image. The most perfect of such created images is called “type”.
The images of Farhad, Shirin, Majnun, Layli, Iskandar in Navoi’s works; Shakespeare’s Othello and Hamlet; Otabek and Kumush in the works of Abdulla Qadiri are characters that have risen to the type level.
As literature reflects reality, it approaches it from the point of view of the rules of beauty. Therefore, the choice of the subject of the work is also an extremely important creative point. For example, the effective output of the work, among many other criteria, also depends on the emotionality and elation of the thought based on it.
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