By: Shahriyor O’rinov
Worth Noting:
- Generalized due to the perpendicular location of the p-electron clouds, which do not participate in hybridization, to the rings, as in benzene, that is, they form a coil of p-bonds when they are connected, and all of their compounds have the aromatic property of heterocycles.
- In heterocyclic compounds, the heteroatom in the ring is the first, and then atoms are numbered from its right side. As shown above. Pyrrole, furan and thiophene are liquid substances that are insoluble in water and have a characteristic smell.
- These substances have different chemical properties due to the hydrogen and heteroatoms in the ring, and we use them for different purposes. Among the heterocyclic compounds, nitrogen heterocompounds are more important. These substances include one or two ring compounds with one or more atoms in the ring. They are pyrrole, pyridine, pyrimidine and purine.
Today, heterocyclic compounds are important in the life activity of plants and living organisms. Almost half of the medicines used in medicine consist of heterocyclic compounds.
Heterocyclic compounds, the word “hetero” is derived from the Greek word “kyklos”, which means ring, i.e., organic substances that contain a ring in the molecule and in this ring contain atoms and heteroatoms of one or more elements other than carbon. is.. Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), sulfur (S) in the ring are of great importance, and they include alkaloids, vitamins, antibiotics and natural pigments that participate in the structure of nucleic acids, proteins and other molecules.
Trivial names of important heterocyclic compounds have been preserved based on international nomenclature, and they include mas, pyrrole, furan, thiophene.
The names of monocyclic heterocyclic compounds with 3 to 10 atoms in the ring are formed and named taking into account their heteroatoms (N — aza, O — oxa, S — thia, R — phospha, etc.), the number of members, whether the rings are saturated or unsaturated.
In addition to carbon atoms, the substances containing atoms of other elements, i.e., heterocyclic compounds, as well as ring-shaped substances are called heterocyclic compounds. They are atoms of elements such as N, O, S, P, As as heteroatoms.
Among the heterocyclic compounds, the most common are five- and six-membered rings containing oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur atoms. They include:
The electron orbitals of all the atoms forming the ring in these compounds are sp2 hybridized and lie in one plane.
Generalized due to the perpendicular location of the p-electron clouds, which do not participate in hybridization, to the rings, as in benzene, that is, they form a coil of p-bonds when they are connected, and all of their compounds have the aromatic property of heterocycles.
In heterocyclic compounds, the heteroatom in the ring is the first, and then atoms are numbered from its right side. As shown above. Pyrrole, furan and thiophene are liquid substances that are insoluble in water and have a characteristic smell.
These substances have different chemical properties due to the hydrogen and heteroatoms in the ring, and we use them for different purposes. Among the heterocyclic compounds, nitrogen heterocompounds are more important. These substances include one or two ring compounds with one or more atoms in the ring. They are pyrrole, pyridine, pyrimidine and purine.
Pyrrole is a colorless substance that boils at 130°C, is insoluble in water, and is a liquid that smells like chloroform. Pyrrole occurs naturally in coal tar and bone oil. Pyrrole means “red oil”.
It is produced by heating ammonia with butyne-2 diol-1,4 in the presence of a catalyst
In terms of chemical properties, pyrrole is similar to aniline. But unlike aniline, the hydrogen atom in the amino group of pyrrole is exchanged for a metal atom, as in acids:
The acidity of pyrrole is Kdis = 5.4·10-15, and that of phenol is less than Kdis = 1.3·10-10. Due to the double bonds in the ring, the saturated heterocyclic substance becomes pyrrolidine after hydrogenation: Pyrrole and its partial, i.e. partial, derivative of hydrogen bonding is pyrroline.
It is a biologically important substance that forms the basis of the porphyrin ring that is part of hemoglobin and chlorophyll particles. These are the substances and pigments that give green-red color to the blood and green color to the leaves.
The substances containing the pyrrole-based porphyrin ring also include hemin, blood-colored pigments, Vitamin B12, C63, H90, O14, N14, PCo, as well as a substance extracted from the liver, used in the treatment of blood cancer, and a complex combination of cobalt ion.
From the academicians on obtaining heterocyclic compounds and studying their properties: O.S. Sodikov and S. Yu. Scientists of the UzRFAO Institute of Plant Substances Chemistry and the UzRFA “Biorganic Chemistry” Institute, led by Yunusov, conducted successful scientific research, and at the same time, more research is being conducted. Who did great scientific work in the field.
As a result of their research, alkaloids are complex organic substances that contain nitrogen, have basic properties, are found in some plants and have a strong effect on other organisms. Nicotine is included in alkaloids. Nicotine is found mainly in the leaves and roots of the tobacco plant, and is a water-soluble, oily liquid.
The most toxic alkaloid is mainly used as a contact insecticide in agriculture. Alkaloids are the main alkaloid of the poisonous plant Anabasis aphyhla, which grows in Central Asia, and is a colorless, oily, strongly poisonous liquid. Anabazin, like nicotine, is widely used as a contact insecticide in agriculture.
In conclusion, we use heterocyclic compounds on a very wide scale. They are used in industry, agriculture, pharmaceutical production and other fields are easily involved in such reactions. These properties are caused by the presence of a sextet of electrons in their ring.
That is, as a result of the interaction of 2 p-bonds in the ring and unpaired free electrons in the heteroatom, a contiguous electron cloud is formed in the ring, and the ring is located in one plane. But the stability of the sextet of p-electrons in the benzene ring and in the heterocycle is different.
In addition to the exchange and coupling reactions characteristic of aromatic hydrocarbons, heterocyclic compounds are also characterized by the exchange of the heteroatom in the ring, as well as the reactions accompanied by the opening of the ring.
Orinov Shahriyor was born on June 30, 2004 in G’iduvan district of Bukhara region. In 2021, after graduating from school with excellent grades, he was admitted to the Faculty of New Materials Technology and Chemical Technology of Jizzakh Polytechnic Institute on the basis of a state grant. He is the author of many articles on his achievements. currently, the faculty is a youth leader in youth support
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