Tongatarov Mirjalal Shermurod
By: Tongatarov Mirjalal Shermurod
Abstract: The history of cities is very long. But this history is humanity shorter than its history, this period corresponds to the history of the society. Him Each period can be divided into several historical stages its urban formation factors, urban infrastructure, population cities differ from each other according to their number, construction methods, and the tasks they perform.
Keywords: city, town, city-state, city council, republican, regional and district subordinate cities, legal city, geographic city.
- Ancient cities (up to the 5th century BC).In general, the social division of labor led to the creation of cities connect with It is known that the initial social work distribution is the separation of agriculture from livestock. The emergence of agriculture, in particular, irrigated agriculture to the establishment of stable, permanent (stationary) population settlements cause. Primary irrigation facilities or means many people built it, many people used it, and so on most of them were guards. This is the basis of the ancient tradition of people occurs. Am m o bu jam oa (jam iyat errfiis), of people At that time, the territorial unit was neither a city nor a village. The next stage of the social division of labor in cities, This is the separation of handicrafts and trade from agriculture appeared as a result of the release. People in this profession, directly They are engaged in agriculture, and therefore they are different production of labor tools, as well as commodity exchange (alm ashishtir) acted as a mediator, in a convenient place who lived in overrun settlements. This is how it is places are called “city”. The creation of the first city mainly related to the riverside civilization. Ancient In countries such as Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, and China According to historical sources, there were cities in the previous 4-3 thousand years It is known. Ur, Uruk, Lagash, Kish, Harappa, Babylon, Nineveh, Memphis is one of the oldest cities.The natural increase of the population in Ur, an early Mesopotamian city, was not similar to the current natural increase The size of cities is 370×240 m, with a wide straight street, built of baked brick. The socio-territorial location was simple. Special tailors, potters, elite layer and other regions are separated by blocks or boundaries. The total area with the suburbs was 640 acres (250 hectares) and the population was more than 20,000. The Harappan kingdom was ruled separately from its twin capitals by a monk-king with absolute power. BC 2000 Sumerian city-states had trademarks – But the immutable material culture and the inscriptions, which have only been partially read by scholars so far, mean that the Nile River Harappan culture and cities in contrast to their cities appeared independently. Stable for a century Despite the advanced Harappan civilization invaders by BC It was demolished in 1500. Mesopotamia cities BC It existed in the 2000s.in Mesoamerica and several civilizations, such as the Maya, in 300-1000 BC from developed civilizations. Tikal, Waxastum, Mayapan such cities as the capital of a small state, by the monk managed by an appointed manager and released merged into a confederation (M. Pacione, 2009, p. 33) During the period of slavery, cities were centers of slave trade. The same at the same time, they also served as state centers, governors, army, officials gathered in the cities. As a result, the city-state (goroda-polis) was created. For example, Rome Athens, Byzantine, Karfagen, Bukhara, Samarkand (Markand), Xiva these are from including .
- 0 medieval cities (VI XVI centuries). Cities in feudalism the development of crafts and rural x o ‘jalig i, from the ground was related to use (feud – land). During this period, Ijtim oy The division of labor deepened and trade became more urbanized (sea trade) and military strategic importance will increase, they political, religious, economic and cultural as well performed the function of trade banks. As a result, Paris, Moscow, These are Venice, Madrid, London, Delhi, Guangzhou, Agra have become big cities. Great geographical discoveries accelerates the development of coastal cities. At the beginning of this period, the population was affected by wars and epidemics as a result, it grew slowly, and at the end of the period it grew rapidly. The largest European cities have a population of 200-500 thousand lived, and in Asia they have a much larger population – up to 1-2 mln (Guangzhou, Delhi, Changyang).
- Industrial cities (first half of XVII-XX centuries). During this period, the formation and development of cities Mechanized industry is the basis of its development. The social and geographical division of labor has improved and increased population starts moving from villages to cities. Cities are large, where population and production are embodied become centers. The first industrial city in the world – Manchester, where the industrial revolution took place in Great Britain
is a city. Chicago, Cologne, Essen, Detroit, New-York, Petersburg, Amsterdam, London, Paris are industrial cities began to develop rapidly based on its production.
By 1800, London with its 900,000 inhabitants was in the world was the biggest city. Between 1801 and 1851 the population of Birmingham was 273% increased from 71,000 to 256,000, while in Manchester increased from 75,000 to 338,000 during the same period (351%). In Glasgow population increased from 84,000 to 350,000 (317%). Lawton According to (1972), the population of Britain increased by 27 million almost all of them lived in urban areas in 1801-1911 did In the 19th century, many large industrial cities were wealthy on the contrary, in the construction of monumental public buildings and cultural institutions found (M. Pacione, 2009, p. 46). Industrial cities were developing cities in the 19th century
urban services and infrastructure provided to residents added a huge blow. Public sanitation and water supply Disproportion has arisen and relatively low strata of residence water supply was almost non-existent in the affected areas. Medium 20th century London has over 200,000 drainless wells, the situation was observed in other large industrial cities as well as cholera, typhus It is surprising that such diseases spread among the poor it’s not. In 1832, a cholera epidemic killed 5,000 Londoners 2800 people in Glasgow in the same year took his life. Wealth, choice of population groups (M.Pacione, 2009, p. 49).
Urban production in developed countries In addition to the distribution of centers, it is based on population stratification rich and poor quarters, traffic congestion, environment? problems such as pollution, unemployment, and crime will intensify. Population growth, large-scale exploitation of natural resources increase of industrial enterprises cities, especially the capital caused the centralization of cities.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, in this topic, the historical, geographical, social, geopolitical, economic, urban planning and other issues are included. 1. Ancient cities (up to the 5th century AD). 2. Medieval cities (6th and 16th centuries). 3. The dawn of production (first half of the 17th-20th centuries).
References
1.A. S. Soliyevl, S. K. Tashtayeva, M. M. Egamberdiyeva CITIES
GEOGRAPHY (0 tutorials) Tashkent “Innovation-Ziya” 2020
- Murphy P. American city. Per. from English. -M., 1972. B-10.
- Pacione M. Urban geography: a global perspective. London, 2009
- Psrtsik E.H. Geography of cities (Geurbanistics).-M., 1991
- H Baransky. On the economic and geographical study of the city.-M., 1956.
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