Luqmanov Asilbek Osman
By: Luqmanov Asilbek Osman
Abstract: This article discusses the structure of the human skull and the importance of the cranial system in the location of the skull. Skull, head skeleton (Latin: cranium) is the head skeleton of vertebrates and humans. In adults, the skull is united by sutures, and in infants there is a non-ossified part between these bones – the clavicle. The human skull consists of 23 bones, some of them are even and some are odd. Due to the highly developed brain in humans, the brain part of the cranium (skull box) is large, the facial part extends down, and in animals, the facial part is extended forward and forms the main part of the cranium.
Key words: Skull structure, Connection of bones, Cerebral skull, Description of the structure of the main bones of the cerebral skull, Bones of the skull, Tonal base bones, Facial bones in general, Facial skull: important openings, Description of the structure of the main facial bones, Special face bones, stages of skull development.
Skull: lat. skull – the skeleton of the head. It performs two important functions. It is the recipient and protector of the brain and sense organs such as sight, hearing, smell, taste and balance. The primary connections of the respiratory and digestive systems rely on it. As a rule, the bones of the skull are described in Latin for correct perception around the world.
Structure of the skull:
The relief of the skull is quite complex. Bone vessels contain not only the brain, but also a number of main sensory organs, nerves and various vessels pass through it through special channels and holes. It consists of 23 bones, 8 of which are paired and 7 are unpaired. Among them, there are flat, spongy and mixed bones of the skull, the anatomy also takes into account their connections, because together they create a whole. The anatomy of the bones of the human skull is divided into two groups: the brain and the face. Each has its own functions and features. The skull of the brain (lat. Cranium feast) is larger and located above the face (cranium viscerale). Only the lower jaw moves along the skull. Let’s look at the bones of the brain. Anatomy distinguishes the paired occipital, frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, temporal, and parietal bones and their connections. The composition of the facial skull is distinguished: – bones of the chewing apparatus – lower and upper jaws, the upper part belongs to paired bones; – the bones forming the nasal and oral cavities and orbits, i.e. one vomer and hyoid and double palatine, nasal, lacrimal, zygomatic bones and lower nasal concha.
Connection of bones:
The bones of the skull and their joints should be considered. Human anatomy studies them separately and together. Many bones of the skull are immovably connected. The only exception is the movable lower jaw and the hyoid bone, which is attached to muscles and ligaments. The sutures that connect all the components to each other are very different. The bones of the face and skull are mainly distinguished by serrated, ridged and flat sutures. Joints at the base of the skull are often temporary or permanent cartilage, called synchondrosis. The sutures are named after the bones they connect (scapular-occipital, sphenoid-frontal) or their location and shape (lambdoid, sagittal).
Brain Skull: Let’s take a closer look at the bones of the brain skull: the skeleton and bone joints. This part can be divided into two more important parts: the base (Latin base) and the vault (Latin calvaria), which is sometimes called the roof of the skull. The distinguishing feature is that the inner and outer plates of the bones can be distinguished by the spongy substance of the diploe between them. Diploe has many diploic canals with diploic veins. The soft outer plate contains the periosteum. The inner plate is thinner and more fragile, for which the role of the periosteum is played by the hard shell of the brain. It is noteworthy that in the case of injuries, the fracture of the inner plate can occur without damage to the outer part. The periosteum has the densest contact with the bones only in the area of the sutures, and in other places it is looser, so there is a subperiosteal space inside the bone. Sometimes hematomas or even abscesses appear in such places. In addition, anatomy divides the bones of the skull into air-permeable and non-air-permeable. In the medulla, the air bones include the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and temporal bones. They are so named for the presence of spaces filled with air and covered with mucus. There are also holes in the skull for the passage of emissary veins. They connect external veins with diploic and venous sinuses located in the dura mater. The largest in the skull are the mastoid and parietal foramen.
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